Zero Knowledge technology , or " evidence to disclosure zero knowledge ", is a promising innovation in the field of blockchain . It makes it possible to prove the validity of information without revealing this information itself. How is it possible? Thanks to advanced cryptographic algorithms, a "provender" can demonstrate the veracity of a data to a "verifier" without the details being exposed. For example, you can prove that you are of age without providing your date of birth. Applied to blockchains , this technology ensures data protection while validating transactions in a secure manner.
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Why is Zero Knowledge technology essential for blockchain?
Traditional blockchains, like Bitcoin or Ethereum, are transparent by nature. Each transaction is public, which raises questions in terms of confidentiality. For some users, this transparency is essential to guarantee the integrity of the network. However, others see it as a problem, especially when it comes to sensitive financial transactions. This is where Zero Knowledge technology comes in: it makes it possible to reconcile transparency and confidentiality by ensuring the verifiability of transactions without revealing the details.
The functioning of Zero Knowledge (ZKP) evidence
The Zero Knowledge (ZKP) proof is based on complex algorithms allowing a proverator to demonstrate to a verifier the validity of a transaction without disclosing the underlying information. This mechanism is possible thanks to cryptographic functions that secure the process. Thus, as part of a transaction on a blockchain , the proveur may confirm that the transaction is valid without revealing the amount or the addresses involved.
The different types of evidence Zero Knowledge
Zero Knowledge evidence is divided mainly into two types: ZK-Snarks and ZK-Starks.
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ZK-SNARKS (succinct non-interactive argument of nowledge) : This method makes it possible to prove information without continuous interaction between the provender and the verifier. The proof remains succinct, which makes it adapted to blockchains with limited resources. However, ZK-Snarks require an initial configuration of trust This step is to generate secret keys used to create evidence. If this initial key is compromised, it can endanger the security of the system. It is therefore a critical element of the process.
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ZK-STARKS (SCALABLE Transparent Argument of Knowledge) : Unlike ZK-SNARKS, ZK-Starks do not need this initial configuration, which makes them more transparent and secure. In addition, they are much more scalable, capable of treating a large volume of transactions while reducing the load on the blockchain. Although ZK-Starks evidence is larger than those of ZK-Snarks, they offer better transparency and reinforced security.
Zero Knowledge and reducing the size of blockchains
One of the major advantages of ZKPS is that they make it possible to considerably reduce the amount of data stored on the blockchain. As the blockchain registers extend, data storage becomes more and more expensive. It is here that projects like Mina Protocol are distinguished. Mina presents herself as the lightest blockchain in the world , with a constant size of only 22 kB, the equivalent of two text images. Compared to Bitcoin, which already reaches several hundred gigabytes, Mina demonstrates the potential of zkps to make blockchains light, faster and more durable in the long term .
One of the fundamental aspects of the Bitcoin network is that each complete node has a complete copy of the blockchain . This means that each transaction made on the network since its creation is preserved by all complete nodes, thus guaranteeing the transparency and safety of the system. However, this architecture has a drawback: over time, the size of the blockchain continues to grow, making the storage of data increasingly heavy.
Currently, the Bitcoin blockchain already exceeds 500 GB, and this size will continue to increase as new blocks and transactions are added. This growth poses challenges for nodes, which will always require more storage capacity and treatment power to remain synchronized with the network.
Examples of blockchains using Zero Knowledge
Several leading projects use or explore Zero Knowledge technology to improve their scalability and confidentiality:
- Near Protocol : Combines Zero Knowledge technology with sharding to reach greater scalability and confidentiality.
- Mina Protocol : Known for its extremely reduced size thanks to ZK-Snarks, Mina considerably reduces the data necessary to check the transactions.
- Polygon : launched ZK-Rollups to improve scalability while maintaining user confidentiality.
- ZK-SYNC Ethereum transactions , while benefiting from increased privacy protection.
ZK-Rollups: How does it work?
ZK -Rollups are a scaling solution that uses Zero Knowledge technology to bring together several transactions in one. Unlike traditional blockchains where each transaction is registered individually, the ZK-Rollups make it possible to validate a large number of transactions outside the chain, then to subject them into a single brief proof on the main channel. This process reduces network congestion, decreases transaction costs and accelerates validation times. In addition, since only small evidence is subject to the blockchain, the ZK-Rollups considerably lighten the amount of data processed directly on the chain.
The problem of confidentiality: a subjective point of view
The question of confidentiality on blockchains depends on the perspective that we adopt. On the one hand, supporters of total transparency believe that each transaction must be traceable to guarantee the integrity of the network. On the other, the defenders of privacy consider that the management of financial information should remain confidential. Zero Knowledge technology offers a response to this dilemma, allowing the verification of transactions without exposing sensitive data.
Zero Knowledge and the scalability of blockchains
In addition to offering better confidentiality, Zero Knowledge technology also considerably improves the scalability of blockchains. The ZK-Rollups make it possible to lighten the number of transactions on the main channel by treating part of the transactions outside the chain. This reduces the congestion of the network and increases the network's capacity to treat a large volume of transactions. For example, Ethereum , with its Layer 2 like Polygon and ZK-SYNC, uses zK-Rollups to allow faster and less expensive transactions.
Interactions with smart contracts: safer and faster
Intelligent contracts also benefit from the integration of ZKPS. Interactions with these contracts is safer, as sensitive information can be verified without being exposed. In addition, ZK-Rollups make it possible to process several transactions linked to intelligent contracts in a single proof, which accelerates their execution. This means that smart contract are not only safer, but also faster to execute.
The challenges of the implementation of the Zero Knowledge
Despite its many advantages, the implementation of Zero Knowledge technology remains complex. Cryptographic algorithms used require significant calculation power to generate and check the evidence. Although ZKPS reduce the amount of data stored on the blockchain, their generation remains gourmet resources, especially during the initial phase. However, once the evidence has been generated, they lighten the network, making it a precious solution for blockchains wishing to improve their scalability.
Combine confidentiality and regulatory transparency: is it possible?
Although Zero Knowledge technology protects the confidentiality of transactions, it can be perceived as incompatible with regulatory transparency requirements. However, there are solutions to reconcile both. For example, projects like ZCASH allow anonymous transactions while providing cryptographic evidence of conformity to the regulatory authorities. This helps comply with the rules against money laundering while guaranteeing user anonymity in current transactions.
Conclusion
Zero Knowledge technology represents a major advance in improving the confidentiality and scalability of blockchains. By allowing verifiable transactions without revealing sensitive data, it offers a unique balance between confidentiality and transparency. Projects like Near, Mina, Polygon and ZK-Sync show how this technology can transform the blockchain ecosystem. As blockchains develop, the Zero Knowledge plays a key role in their adaptation to the security, speed and data protection needs.
Faq
What is Zero Knowledge technology?
Zero Knowledge technology makes it possible to prove the validity of information without revealing the details thanks to cryptographic algorithms.What is the difference between ZK-Snarks and ZK-Starks?
ZK-Snarks require an initial configuration of trust, while ZK-Starks are more transparent and do not need this configuration, which makes them more secure and scalable.How do ZK-Rollups work?
ZK-Rollups include several transactions in a single proof, thus reducing network congestion and transaction costs while maintaining security.Why is blockchains' size important?
As the blockchain registers increase, it becomes expensive to maintain them. Projects like Mina, with a size of 22 ko, show how zkps can make blockchains light.What projects are using Zero Knowledge technology?
Projects like Near, Mina, Polygon and ZK-Sync already use Zero Knowledge technology to improve their scalability and confidentiality.
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Noah
Training engineer, I quickly became interested in the field of finance. Convinced that decentralized finance has a bright future ahead of it, I participate in its democratization by developing Crypternon.
